Chapter 4. Life.

 

 

 

 

   "Some say it is one of the most unusual places in the land, it seems to be cut off entirely from civilization." North Eastern Daily Gazette, 7.12.1933.

 

Life was hard for those living in the village. The furnaces sprang up to chase away the healthy air of the countryside. The death rate for the area was high at 30 per 1000 inhabitants and that figure included the more healthier, rural area of Billingham. The child mortality was also high (see Graph 3, Appendix 2). Those who survived were sent to work on the Monday after they left school at fourteen, others went earlier. Nearly all went into the tough dangerous conditions of heavy industry.

 

The people faced many problems of deprivation, but despite this the people of the parish lived in a rich and valued community that many would remember with fond nostalgia. Unspoiled marsh and estuary lay just outside the iron works, at least until the spread of the slag banks. The locals of the new settlements would fish, winkle and those with black powder guns would shoot foul (1).

 

The 1847 Cholera epidemic hit Wolviston hard but luckily swept past Haverton Hill leaving it unscathed. Depression did not last long and by the sixties, boom conditions were leading to a great influx of outsiders. Many of these people were Irish and though this cultural fusion succeeded, from time to time arguments and clan ties could lead to boiling point.

 

The Evening Gazette, 25.11.1870, reports:

 

    "Desperate affray at Port Clarence." On Saturday night at 9.30. p.m. a large number of Irish had crossed the ferry into Port Clarence. Some sixty to eighty of them had then carried out a "serious engagement" with spikes and other weapons. Six men and women had been seriously wounded. Passengers for the Port Clarence train had refused to board the ferry until they were sure "the melee had ceased."

 

On the whole the inhabitants got on well together and disturbances of that size were rare. Minor disturbances were more common. The Evening Gazette of 16.2.1876, mentions a "Disturbance amongst Port Clarence ferry officials". Thomas Halleyman a bridge man at the Port Clarence landing stage, saw the ferry carrying eighty passengers, hit the landing stage very hard. It appeared to him that the Master, Henry Dennes, had been drinking. The Master then made "provoking remarks to him," upon where Halleyman jumped aboard the ship, where the Master struck him. The Master's defense was that Halleyman had jumped aboard "threatening to do serious work," therefore the Master "removed him." Since then the Ferry Superintendent had sacked Halleyman for going onto the boat without orders and for later insubordination. The court case against the Master was dismissed.

 

The dust and fumes from the furnaces were not the only environmental problem the people faced. The conditions of housing at Haverton Hill were considered appalling even by 19th century standards. The Evening Gazette for 7.11.1888, stated that Prompt action was considered necessary for Haverton Hill's 400-500 houses. The population had increased from 450, ten years ago, to 2000 The houses to accommodate the influx had been built hurriedly and not all the drains were encased in concrete.  The streets tended to follow stells (streams) and no one was sure where the water might drain. During flooding the village was like" a miniature Venice.

 

" The "Privies", were considered shocking even for 1888. They were small receptacles 2' long and 15" deep. Many leaked so that a "noisome, pestilential, pool formed at the back door, or mingled with the slush and mud that is so abundant in the passage" (2).

 

It was the responsibility of the farmer at Haverton Hill Farmhouse and others, to be the sanitary equivalent of dustmen. The men they sent were called scavengers and were supposed to come every day to take away faecal matter. In practice it might be every 2 or 3 weeks. By that time, back passages were" smelling, fluid corrupting the flooded in places with a yellow, offensive, that lies stagnant by the back doors, air all round and being a source of the gravest danger, to the health and safety of residents" (3).

 

Some of the local were loud in their complaints, At one point in the village was an open midden, the scavengers were accused of "taking a little off the top", rather than cleaning it out properly (4). 43 out of 58 typhoid cases in the area had occurred in Haverton Hill. It seemed likely that the "pools of slimy filth" were responsible. The article demanded that Stockton Rural Sanitary Board should act, as "the stench is said to be something horrible."

 

Conditions had not been improved much two years later, when " A serious state of affairs" (5), still existed. Back passages were still unpaved and filthy. The sewers had recently been flushed but were still half full with sewage. Inside the kitchens, the sinks were drawing foul gases from the sewers, up through the pipes into the room. Improvements being considered were: removing the sink to the yard, levelling the yard to prevent pools forming and the removing of all poultry and wooden erections from the yards.

 

Theft was surprisingly low in the village and doors were often left open, though there was nothing worth stealing from the deprived inhabitants. Life was rough however, and assaults were not uncommon. One afternoon in Port Clarence, Mrs. Cassidy heard shouts of "Murder"  6), from her neighbor Mrs. McKenna. Thinking that Michael McKenna was again following up his practice of  wife beating, she seized a coal rake and ran into the back yard just as McKenna and his wife struggled out of their door. McKenna grabbed the rake and dealt Mrs. Cassidy two savage blows and kicked her brutally. The  police then arrested McKenna who was jailed.

 

Ignoring the struggles of the majority of the settlement, more genteel practices occasionally occurred, such as the lecture given by a less savage Mr. McKenna, from the Northern star, Belfast. "virtuous, industrious He praised the Irish for their "virtuous, industrious and peaceful lives" (7), while criticizing the Liberal Government's injustice in Ireland. The meeting ended with three cheers for the Catholic priest, Father Burke.

 

The Irish contingent must have brought a lot of colour to the drab surroundings. Sunday dress was a blue suit, yellow or brown boots, with bowler hat. Adornments might be a gold chain with heavy watch. The shirt might be merely an artificial shirt front. Funerals were said to be great social events, involving much drinking and merriment (8).

 

The Cheshire salt men arrived after the Irish and must have made a sober contrast to them. They prefered more plain attire, with dark suit, flat cap and black silk mufflers. Everywhere they went, so did their fierce rat hunting terrier dogs, they must have all made quite a sight.

 

The salt men brought with them leisure pursuits, such as whippet racing, pigeon flying, ferreting, mole catching and the game, pitch and toss. They kept the three pubs in Haverton Hill busy. These were called The Queen's Head, Wellington Hotel, and Haverton Hill Hotel, or Lund's, Waggott's and Lumley's by the locals. They were heavy drinkers and had their own band. Noah Scaling played the big drum. The village had its own football team, whose local rivals were the Portrack Shamrocks.

 

Two areas of Haverton Hill were given their names by the locals at this time. The "Bendy" was where the river overflowed onto wasteland and the "Salty" was where salt effluent used to run near the railway.

 

At the turn of the century life continued to be hard. One resident's first memory is of a baby's coffin on the ledge of a "Jones", sewing machine. His mother died when he was five, leaving ten children who survived till maturity. He can still remember his Cheshire born, salt worker, father "clonking up the street in his traditional clogs". Despite -103- the harshness of life he could still say "I enjoyed life there, I enjoyed the neighbourliness" (9).

 

The 1901 Directory of Middlesbrough carries a survey of types of mortality in those days.

 

The following chart shows the number of deaths from each main cause in 1894 and 1902.

 

Table 7. Causes of death in 1894 and 1902.

 

                                                                       1894           1902

Small Pox                                                            198                 0

Measles                                                                63               39

Typhoid                                                                 30               18

Dysentery                                                               57             139

Cancer                                                                  43               71

Mesentiria (Intestines)                                                37                 0

Phthisis (Consumption)                                             120             124

Premature Births                                                        58                 ?

Convulsions.                                                          122                 ?

Heart disease.                                                        114                ?

Pneumonia.                                                            225            300

Enteritis (wasting)                                                     101              57

Accidents                                                                 30              53

Debility                                                                  150                0

Bronchitis.                                                                96             107 

 

Regular killers were: Measles, Whooping Cough, Typhoid, Dysentery, Cancer, Tuberculosis, Premature Births, Heart failure, Convulsions, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Enteritis, Liver, Mesenterica and Daily Accidents. Epidemics such as the smallpox in 1898 came and went. The residents of Haverton Hill, packed in their deprived conditions, must have known more than their fair share of sorrow.

 

The 1910 Inland Revenue Valuation lists, show that Clarence Street, had developed into the commercial centre of the settlement. 17 out of the 59 houses had been converted into shop and homes, in addition a grocery store and two pubs The Queen's Head and The Wellington, were also situated here. One house had a stable and yard.

 

Many former residents remember the years through to the depressions of the 30's, their thoughts are positive and their memories fond.  During the First World War food was scarce. When rumors of shops selling food in Middlesbrough came to the village, the children would be sent across the transporter bridge to queue. In Fishburn's Port Clarence, Thompson's General Dealers, Post Office and a House-shop provided what local provisions they could.

 

Misfortune was always waiting to strike. When F. Bailey's mother died, his father was serving in France. The nearest relations were in Liverpool and Scotland. A neighbour, Mrs. Thackeray took all five children under her wing. "Any woman would have took us y'know, in the street". (10). Those in the community pulled together when times were hardest and therefore ensured its survival.

 

The war was far off to those in the settlements, though the effect of scarcity and relatives killed abroad was real enough. Shepherd remembered a Zeppelin flying over the top of his house, before it was shot down in flames (11). The Dorman Volunteers were the local defence unit. They went on route marches every Sunday morning. It was unpaid but they were given full uniform, including "Aussie style hats". Dinner was pork pie and pilz, a type of lemonade, which most had never tried before.

 

 In 1918 The Furness Ship Company built houses in the open country west of Haverton Hill specially for their employees. One section was separated by several hundred yards of open land and was reserved for executives. By 1920, 530 houses had been erected. with a bathroom and 3 or more bed They were well built rooms. Some had a scullery, others up to two living rooms. They were built in single, 2, 3, or 4 units and terraces.

 

The executive houses were even bigger. The estate was well planned with no more than 11 houses per acre. Each house had its own garden and there was plenty of communal space between rows. The firm called it a "model village" and built it on "garden city lines" (12).

 

The only disadvantage to this new enterprise was air pollution from the Bruner-Mond chemical works and the industrial complexes south of the river. Fortunately the prevailing south-west winds blew much of the pollution to the east of the estate. By 1926 I.C.I. had taken over Bruner-Mond and was rapidly increasing in size. Its workers needed housing, so the local authority built the Belasis Lane Estate, on the Billingham side of the Furness Estate, with a suitable area of open land to divide them. 156 houses were built in blocks of 2 and 4. All had modern facilities. These new houses were a great improvement on the more primitive types of the past.

 

Shepherd describes his impressions of the old pre-war, Newby Terrace house he once lived in. "The toilet was plain, square, with a big seat on it, hole in the middle, that was all, you could lift the lid up, you could get into it from the outside, shovel it out" (13). The soil man came once a week to remove the contents. Later he moved into his grandfather's house in Lothian Terrace, just after the gentleman had died. It was common for relations to take over the house of a deceased, if it was a step upwards. The house belonged to Bell Brothers, who stopped 4/6d out of the occupiers wages per week. The house still had oil lamps, but after the First World War, gas lamps were installed. The gas came from Bell's own production process. It was not until 1932 that more modern toilets were installed.

 

Brannigan's house in Tees street, Port Clarence, had three bedrooms and eight residents (14). Some children had to sleep in the living room. Bath night was a big tin bath placed in front of the fire. Basic washing was from a big tap in the back yard. Warm tap water was unheard of. Bell Brothers, had its own, more modern bath facilities, though not many took advantage of the readily available hot water there.

 

Challis was another typical Port Clarence resident around the war years. He lived at 4 Martin Street, from 1915, when he was born, until 1940. There were 5 rows of houses in Old Port Clarence, 3 of these were back to back (15). The first three houses in each row had a parlour, which was considered to be a luxury. If more than 4 people lived in the house, this parlour could be used for sleeping in. Challis was 1 of 7 in his house. The sleeping arrangements were as follows:

 

Bedroom, mother and father.

Bedroom, uncle and grandfather.

Bedroom, two older brothers.

Parlour, the youngster.

 

Beds might be shared, or could be in the form of bunks or mattresses.

 

Cooking was done with a coal oven. Coal was available at 3d, a hundred weight, or 6d, if you had it delivered. Bacon and eggs or fish and chips, were common meals cooked. All lighting was by oil, the people never thought of gas. The father would set the lamps at the right level to minimise smell and oil deposits. Paraffin could be obtained from the shop on the corner, out of a large tank. other facilities in the house were typically primitive, there was no bathroom, just a tap outside, the toilet was of the removable pan variety. These dwellings were typical of the area which had been hurriedly built to pack in as many people as possible. The houses on the new estates were like palaces in comparison. Bateman lived at Rugby Terrace, shortly after it was built (16). These houses had hot water and an inside flush toilet. Other modern facilities were a gas cooker, electric lights, bathroom and garden at front and back.

 

From 1936-38 old Port Clarence was demolished and the remaining inhabitants moved to High Clarence, further up towards Haverton Hill. The old houses were still of sound construction but some houses were condemned by Council and Health departments, "there was bugs and God knows what else in them" (17). The old village had no amenities and had become a forgotten village.

 

The people of Haverton Hill and Clarence accepted the environmental conditions and still managed to have what many considered a rich and varied life. To the children the surroundings had their own beauty. Despite having no money, there was much to do, games were a constant source of fun and there were a variety to play (18):

 

Monty Kitty; 3 or 4 children would lean against a wall, other children would jump on and all would have to stave off collapse, until the rhyme "Monty Kitty, Monty kitty, 1,2,3, all off, all off, all off me!" had been sung.

Marbles Drolley; involved throwing marbles accurately into a hole. The marbles were obtained from a little shop. The owner used to lie in a bed in the shop, due to an ailment. The children would hand their money over and help themselves.

Tippy Tack; was throwing, 6" pieces of wood at other similar pieces. Secrets; was searching for hidden objects. This was often played behind the Royal Hotel, near the football field, by the Clarence kids.

Booler hoops; were made at the works for children to run with. Cricket and ball games were also popular. A blank wall provided an excellent place to play.

 

On an evening, Brannigan liked to go up the tips. Here you could see the Eston Hills and watch the liners at the wharfs. Swimming in the river was also popular. Brannigan recalls how the lads would employ a guard to chase away the girls, while they went swimming. One night a girl who had been chased away got her own back, when she " went home and she told them we were drowning, we were all drowning and the whole of the village came out and nearly murdered us!" (19).

 

The older men would travel further away for their leisure. Bailey would go to the pictures twice a week, at the Empire in Stockton. He would have six penth of sugared almonds, while watching the silent movie (20). A typical Saturday for a 20 year old, before the great depression, might be to go and watch football at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough. Afterwards it would be the pictures, a musical show, and fish and chip supper, all for 2/6d.

 

Crossing the river was by the ferries, "Hugh Bell" and "Erimus" (see Print 9, Appendix 1b). An unofficial ride on a pig iron boat, would save 2d for the pictures. Boat owners would come to the Port Clarence, Billiard Club and take people over with them to dock point, free of charge. When the "transporter" was built, problems occurred after midnight when the bridge closed. Late revelers had the option of commandeering a "cobble", or if the night watchman was on duty, "get him out of the road and then come over the top" (21). it was possible to walk over the top of the transporter bridge by stairs, hair raising enough in the day time, but requiring extra nerve in the dark of night.

 

The older lads enjoyed playing sports. Challis though crippled, used to enjoy playing football in goal. When his crutches broke, he would make his own out of brush shanks. In Middlesbrough, he obtained a special cranked bicycle from a shop where the manager was also crippled. His mother paid for it with the works dividend for £5. He used to cycle from Port Clarence to Redcar, Guisbrough, Saltburn or Osmotherly on a 3 speed, Hercules bike. The exercise loosened his leg, so that in time he graduated to a full size bicycle crank (22).

 

Holidays and visits elsewhere were a dream to most people. Shepherd was fortunate enough to spend a week at the seaside in Redcar, a mile or two south of the estuary. They had a rented house, with the first water closet he had seen " I pulled the chain and then it run like hell, I got flooded out!" The holiday was spent playing on the sands, watching Punch and Judy and fishing (23).

 

For most people holiday was a day at Seaton Carew, if they could walk that far. The German prisoners of World War One, had built a road there, but the walk by the river called "Long Drag," was often favoured. It crossed the Greatham Creek by a wooden bridge and led to long expanses of sand, where they could play or swim.  

 

Bateman remembers travelling by "Fish" Ladem's cart and later by train, 3rd class. A picnic might consist of lemonade, sandwiches, which occasionally contained meat and little pies, which were cheaper to make than buy (24).

 

Christmas might result in a threepenny or tanner toy. Stockings were padded out with oranges, an apple and a few sweets. In the early 20th Century, Lady Bell might come in her "posh" (25), horse drawn Landau, to give out tin cars at the school. To see a real car was considered a miracle, horse and cart being the standard form of transport for those few who didn't have to walk. As H. Malone puts it, " you see where we lived was the end of the world you see, because that was the end, there was only one way to come in and one way to get out" (26).

 

The depression of the thirties and mass unemployment put paid to many simple luxuries. Malone's father found himself with 33/3d dole, for seven of them. Walking and football helped pass the time away for Bateman. For those who had guns, shooting wild birds "including some we shouldn't have shot" (27), took one away from the heavy air of despondency hanging over the settlements, as firm after firm began to shut down.

 

Just occasionally opportunities for a windfall did arise if someone was bold enough to take the opportunity. In mid depression, the Co-Op sweet van broke down. It was a mile to the nearest phone, so both driver and surprisingly his mate, set off to get help. When they got back, the lorry had been cleaned out. "Everybody in Port Clarence had some chocolate, or sweets or something hid under the old chest of drawers" (28). One lad was birched at Stockton Police Station and fined. The people of the village collected more than the fine to give to the young entrepreneur. "but I mean, fancy two of them in the depression, when you have got nothing, walking away and leaving a sweet van" (29).

 

The birch was a popular instrument of punishment at that time. "Oh I knew one lad got the cat for stealing by finding and that was only a couple of coal bags that had blew off a lorry" (30). Port Clarence had its own police officer who belonged to the Durham Constabulary, though his wages were paid by Dorman Long Ltd. He was given his own house in the village. He was a country style bobby, who "when he threatened you with his gloves, you were off" (31).

 

The isolation of the settlement meant he had the advantage of knowing everyone personally. There wasn't much crime in the village though. The only real problem was pinching coal that was meant for the works. " We weren't going to sit without a fire, when you could see a big stack just outside your door" (32).

 

The nearest doctor's surgery was at Haverton Hill. Challis remembers the woman next door had her. parlour turned into a surgery (33). Anyone requiring treatment had to leave their name with the lady, who would pass on the list to the doctor. The doctor kept his medicines in the parlour. He put the names on the bottles and she would give them out. People paid 3d per week to cover the families basic health requirements. A serious case might have to be taken to hospital at Newcastle, 50 miles away.

 

The locals had their own industrial, rather than herbal cures for ailments. When the furnaces were running pitch, a thick fog was given off. "Any kids with Whooping Cough, they'd put 'em outside to cough it up" (34) . This was a well known cure of the time. The same furnace could also be a terrible nuisance. When iron ore was unloaded at the end of Martin street, "It was blowing in the houses, you didn't know what colour you were going to be" (35).

 

Bateman could earn a few coins as a child by doing a paper round (36). He used to travel over the  river to Middlesbrough. Behind the station he collected his papers from a blind man. He then went back to the Port Clarence works to sell them. He earned 2/- a week, plus a comic of his choice. Inside the house children would help the women, by making chip mats from "harding", interwoven with rags.

 

Rabbits or wild duck could be added to the menu if someone had a gun which fired straight. Some children would be sent to Stockton hirings to get work on the farms in season. Others went to the associated fair with a few coppers in their pockets.

 

Launch days at the docks were a popular event. The flags would be up indicating the imminent launch of a ship. Most of the population would watch, "after all there was nothing else to do" (37). Afterwards there was a rush for all the leftover wood, which could be used for fires or carpentry.

 

The people of Port Clarence proved equal to the challenge of living in such tough conditions. To the outsider, the place became known as " Teesside's lost village.

 

   " The Evening Gazette of 7.2.1933, describes the 200 inhabitants as being "buried by lofty chimneys. Fifteen years ago this was a great hive of activity, hidden in day by black smoke and illuminated at night by furnaces. Today the chimneys are idle. Right in the middle of the works are four streets of houses with blackened brickwork. The road to Port Clarence is privately owned and only lorries, not busses, seem to use it."

 

The people were described, as hardy. No public house now existed but a Working Mens club was there and joining, shoe making and Womens Institute clubs were active. The entrance to the village was marked by the tin chapel. Every Sunday the divine service was conducted by the Reverend Wardle of Haverton Hill. An old seafarer contrasted the present state of the village, with when it was" one of the finest places on Gods earth!"

 

From 1936 to 1938 old Port Clarence was demolished and flattened. Removal also began of the old Bell's and Dorman Long Iron Works. The population were removed to newer developments at High Clarence, where they were mixed up amongst the inhabitants there.

 

At Haverton Hill the new estates were having problems of their own. The local authority run Furness Estate, found itself opposite the rapidly expanding I.C.I. Billingham plants. The planners had sited the workers close to where they worked but had under estimated, the growth in size and pollution from the works.

 

In 1936 air pollution had increased so much that the local authority were considering legal action under the Public Health Act. I.C.I. then leased the Furness estate and eventually purchased it. The area became more unpopular in 1937 when 116 out of 164 houses were empty, in the area closest to the works. In 1939, 82 of those houses were still unoccupied (38).

 

The coming of the Second World War, led to related activity in the villages (39). The heavy industries were prime targets for the enemy. A Barrage balloon site was built at Roscoe Road, early in 1940. All people were to be given Anderson shelters. 4500 were purchased at a cost of £3-10/- each. Most of the shelters when erected became flooded. It was also difficult to cover them up. Sand bags were subsidized at 3d each to give the shelters some protection.

 

The public baths vowed to stay open , but was one of the first buildings to be hit. It did however, open again quickly afterwards. A Spitfire fund was opened Spitfire for the war effort. to raise £5000 to purchase a £80 was raised when the Loft Clearance Law was passed, making people clear their lofts of objects of use in the war effort.

 

The Haverton Hill Methodist church was turned into an emergency feeding station. It could feed 150 at one sitting and had shelter for 600. It was run by the Reverend Robson and his wife. The salvage hut on the refuse tip was blown up by a bomb. periodically, buildings and people would be blown up by enemy action. The British Restaurant, later called "The Empire", was opened in Haverton Hill. Staff were employed at 10d. per hour or 30/- a week, plus one meal a day of meat and two vege! The customers price of this meal was raised from 6d. to 7d. to cover the cost of painting the seats.

 

Lectures in incendiary bomb demonstrations were given to all teachers and troops in the area. Toilets were also erected in Haverton Hill for the large number of troops in the area. The council commandeered all green houses that were suitable for the growing of vegetables. An emergency fire station was built at Haverton Hill. Street fire parties were organised and stirrup pumps given to house holders.

 

Both Haverton Hill and Port Clarence survived the war, but the estates at Haverton Hill were struggling pollution. The Department of Science against heavy and Industrial Research, found the following readings of pollution levels from 1939 to 1944 (40).

 

Comparison of Pollution levels to 1944.

 

Seaton Terrace (Haverton Hill)         75mg

Middlesbrough (worst part of)         37.5mg

Manchester                                 36.9mg

Glasgow                                    26.8mg

London                                       25.8 mg. 

 

Haverton Hill was therefore found to be twice as polluted as the worst area of Middlesbrough (even in 1961 Haverton Hill was still worse than 37.5 mg). Despite the pollution, Havertonians had a slightly below average sickness and time off work rate amongst Teessiders. As the settlement choked towards its premature death, it was social class not pollution that was still considered the settlement's main problem. -

 

FOOTNOTES.

1. Oral Tapes, 345, J. Bateman, p. 26. Cleveland County Archives

2. Evening Gazette, 7.11.1888, p. 3. Middlesbrough Reference Library

3. ibid.

4. ibid.

5. North Eastern Daily Gazette, 3.4.1890, p. 3. Middlesbrough Reference Library

6. Evening Gazette, 27.9.1870, p. 3. Middlesbrough Reference Library

7. ibid.

8. Armstrong, W. Port Clarence: a history, p. 9. Cleveland County Archives

9. Evening Gazette, 18.6.1980. (Library cuttingsJ. Middlesbrough Reference Library

10. Oral Tapes, 169, F. Bailey, P. 31. Cleveland County Archives

11. Oral Tapes, 252, J. Shepherd, p. 41. Cleveland County Archives

12. UNIV. OF DURHAM: Dept. of Social Studies. Report to the Billingham U.D.C. on a study of the Belasis Estate, Haverton Hill, September 1963, p. 3. Cleveland County Archives

13. Oral Tapes, 252, J. Shepherd, p. 41 . Cleveland County Archives

14. Oral Tapes, 219, P. Brannigan, p. 2. Cleveland County Archives

15. Oral Tapes, 39, J. Challis, p. 1 . Cleveland County Archives

16. Oral Tapes, 345, J. Bateman, p. 28. Cleveland County Archives

17. Oral Tapes, 39, J. Challis, p. 33. Cleveland County Archives

18. Oral Tapes, 252, J. Shepherd, (unpaged) .Cleveland County Archives

19. Oral .Tapes, 219, P. Brannigan, p. 8. Cleveland County Archives

20. Oral Tapes, 169, F. Bailey, p. 30. Cleveland County Archives

21. Oral Tapes, 39, J. Challis, p. 5. Cleveland County Archives

22. ibid. , p. 39.

23. Oral Tapes, 252, J. Shepherd, (unpaged) Cleveland County Archives

24. Oral Tapes, 345, J. Bateman, p. 12. Cleveland County Archives

25. ibid. , p. 3.

26. Oral Tapes, 219, P. Brannigan, p. 18. Cleveland County Archives

27. Oral Tapes, 345, J. Bateman, p. 26. Cleveland County Archives

28.  Oral Tapes, 39, J. Challis, p. 37. Cleveland County Archives

29. ibid.

30. ibid.

31. ibid. , p. 36.

32. ibid. , p. 37.

33. ibid. , p. 41

34. ibid. , p. 33.

35. ibid.

36. Oral Tapes, 345, J. Bateman, p. 10. Cleveland County Archives

37. Oral Tapes, 252, J. Shepherd, (unpaged),  Cleveland County Archives

38. UNlV. OF DURHAM: Dept. of Social Studies. Report to the Billingham U.D.C. on a study of the Belasis Estate, Haverton Hill, September 1963, p. 3. Cleveland County Archives

39. Billingham Urban District Council: Minutes, 1940-45. Cleveland County Archives

40. UNlV. OF DURHAM: Dept of Social Studies. ReEort to the Billingham U.D.C. on a study of the Belasis Estate, Haverton Hill, September 1963, Cleveland County Archives