Chapter 1: Embryo

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In the year 1820 a stout farmhouse stood in a field not far from the north bank of the River Tees. The farm was called Penny Pot House and was probably as the name suggests also a beer house for the use of people crossing the river (1). The route travellers took, was across the north channel of the river to a long Island called Samphire Batts. The south channel would be waded at low tide. From here the hamlets of Middlesbrough, Norton and Acklam could be reached or more likely hastily passed through on the way inland.

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The farm stood near the eastern edge of the parish of Billingham. This was the main settlement in the area, meaning in old English: settlement of the Billingas or Billingas folk (2). Other smaller settlements in the parish were; Cowpen Bewley in the north, Saltholme and in the near distance Bellasis (*Bellasis has many spelling variations in the literature. I use original spellings faithfully throughout this document).

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No one knows how old the farm was or how many generations of farmers had tilled the fields. Rumour has it that there was once a Roman ferry below where the farm stood, with stone steps for the salters to use (3). The parish itself however does have a recorded history. Billingham's roots lie in Anglo-Saxon times. The name Billing was not uncommon among Saxons though the exact date of the settlement's origin is unknown.

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The General History of North East England records that Ida Flame Bearer became King of Bernica, the land north of the Tees after many battles (4). Anglian warbands frequently used the Tees during this time. In 560 A.D., Ella, Ida’s general, expelled the British from the Tees and Humber district to form the Kingdom of Deira. Ella quarrelled with Ida and expelled him from Billingham and spoiled the church, evidence that the settlement was already well founded even in those days. In 588 A.D. the two kingdoms including Billingham were combined to form the Kingdom of Northumbria.

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In 795 A.D., the rebel leader, Wada was defeated tradition says between Billingham and Norton. Egfrid the monk of Lindisfarne gave Billingham to the Church of Durham and in 860 A.D., a church was founded on the site of the present structure.

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In 960 A.D., Orinabal took possession of all St Cuthbert’s lands and laid waste the area between Castle Eden and Billingham. Legend informs us that  Orinabal entered the Church of St Cuthbert of Durham and for his sacrilege was transfixed to the threshold, where upon he acknowledged the Saint’s powers before dying. It was about this time that the present church of Billingham was begun as the existing tower dates from this time. William the Conqueror, after severely punishing northern rebels, went in person to see the body of the powerful saint. In 1072 he restored Billingham to the Convent of Durham.

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Few references are made to the area during mediaeval times, though the area suffered heavily during the Scottish wars. Billingham emerged from these times as a flourishing agricultural community with much of the land in the possession of the prior of the Benedictine monastery of Durham (5). The lords of the manor in the early 12th century were called de Belasis (6).

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In 1446 the settlement had 19 cottages in the “hand of the Lord”, meaning in disrepair (7). Renovation was needed in “walls timber and plaster”. Costs of repair were estimated at 30 pounds, 13 shillings and four pence. The annual income enjoyed by the Prior from the parish settlements were as follows:

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Table 1. The Prior’s income in 1446 and 1464

 

                             1446            1464

Billingham                £62-5-1d      £75-4-5d

Cowpen                  £30-0-5d      £39-11-4d

Manor of Bellasis      £6-13-4d      £6-13-4d

 

It can be seen that Billingham brought in twice as much revenue as Cowpen and over 10 times that of Bellasis. Eighteen years later both Billingham and Cowpen had increased their revenues to the Prior by 20%. Bellasis showed no increase. These values remain constant until 1535 and the great survey of religious houses.

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Bellasis, already well established in 1446, originated probably during the period 1250 to 1320. The name is French for well situated and the settlement is therefore of post conquest origin (8). During the 13th century certain tenants of Billingham had to perform compulsory tasks for the Prior at Bellasis (9). John de Belasis exchanged his land at Belasis for Henknowle. Sir Rowland de Belasis was living at Bewley in 1264.

 

John de Belasis lived near Wolviston in 1270. He was a landowner who may have been Lord of the Manor, or he may already have sold the manor to the Prior by then. It was definitely in the hands of the prior in 1296 when it began to be leased. Indeed, it could have been the Prior’s as long ago as 1233 when freehold tenants from Billingham owed labour at Bellasis.

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In the Halmote Court Rolls (10), William, son of John was farmer in 1296. In 1373 William Jackson of Cowpen leased the manor from the Prior for 15 years. At some time, a small Manor house was built, with many additional buildings being gradually built around it. “The Manor itself is protected by a large moated enclosure, this was originally a bank or palisade 930’ x 730’ for protection against casual marauders” (11). The remaining buildings of Bellasis Hall were demolished in 1946. (12)

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The land in the 14th century, included 56 acres of corn, 48 acres of peas and 20 acres of oats (13). Jackson was a freeman farming for profit, once he paid the Prior his dues. He was excluded having to use the lord’s mill if he so desired. Other lessees of the Manor were; William Dicon 1439 and 1446, Ralph Holtby 1464 and Percival Lampton 1500. Lampton descendants farmed the area for the next 300 years. The name changed to Eden when John Eden married a relict Lampton (14). Described as a gentleman he owned 4 hearths in the 1666 tax returns (15).

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In 1535, parliament levied a 10% tax on net income from spiritual beneficiaries (16). They carried out a survey of ecclesiastical incomes across the Kingdom. Their aim was to inspect religious account books. After they descended on the County Bishopric of Durham, the Prior’s villages and incomes were given as follows.

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 Table 2: The Prior’s income in 1535

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Holme (Saltholme)                                 £6-13-4d

Coupon (Cowpen Bewley                      £13-6-10d

Maniode Bellac (Bellasis)                       £9-6-8d

Villande de Byllyngham (Billingham)         £68-19-8d

 

It can be seen that since 1464, incomes come from Billingham had fallen slightly and in Cowpen rather more drastically. Bellasis on the other hand had increased its revenue to the church. Perhaps more importantly, Billingham's income had become four times that of Cowpen, leaving the settlement undisputed as the Prior’s main concern in the area.

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In 1569 the parish supported the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland in their attempts to bring back the old religion and Mary Queen of Scots (17). When the rebels failed, executions followed. Of the 22 known rebels from Billingham, five were killed. Cowpen lost 2 out of 10 and 7 more came from nearby Wolviston and Bewley. This was quite a heavy punishment for a small community and probably reflects their active loyalty to the rebels.

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In 1623 the tenants of Billingham were complaining of Checkers, Cow Marsh and Horse Marsh being “constantly inundated by the tide and in consequence had much deteriorated” (18). Arable and pasture in the area was good on higher ground and cereal crops were being grown with turnips, beans and peas.

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Later in 1649 the Bellasis manor and associated farm buildings were described as “north-east of Billingham is the group of farmhouses called High, Middle, and Low Bellasis, and near the second the manor-house of Bellasis with the remains of a moat. The manor-house was described as consisting of “a hall, a parlour, a larder or milke house with chambers over them being very ruinous,' one barn, one stable, and other out-houses.” (19).

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The 18th century Parish was neatly summarised by Richardson's map of 1776, which has been favourably compared with later surveys, suggesting a good dimensional survey (20). The Bellasis Manor was split into three farms and was already enclosed. The Bellasis liberty is measured as 476 acres, of which 73 acres was freehold, mainly in Loose Stour Marsh, visible along the Tees near Haverton Hill.

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The location of farm holdings in Billingham and Bellasis at the time Richardson made his map and 60 years after division had occurred, is clearly shown. His accompanying field book records 16 farm holders and 16 cottages with rights and other lands. The largest area of land, 456 acres was owned by Mrs Ward. The map is especially important as it shows the Haverton Hill Farm, the new name for Penny Pot House.

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The Billingham community now consisted of the Saxon church, vicarage and six farm houses. Various dwellings and premises were situated around the green. The village continued to form a physical community of farmers, cottagers, shopkeepers and skilled craftsman.

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It seems possible the name Haverton Hill which now becomes widespread in the literature is derived from the old English Ton name meaning village, though no evidence of an early settlement exists. No early forms of Haver are available, but it seems likely that it is derived from Haefera meaning oats as in Haverhill, Suffolk, or less likely Haefer meaning billy goat (21). Another interpretation from the Dictionary of County Durham place names is that it comes from the old English Hofer for hump or swelling and dun, the entire name relating to a small circular hill (22).

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By 1801 Billingham's population was 335. Surtees describes the settlement as “a considerable village” (23). All the property was in the hands of the Dean and Chapter, who possessed all manorial rights and privileges. The parish covered 3,139 acres. Cowpen was the next main settlement with 120 people. In 1811 Billingham had increased its population by 20%, while Cowpen was stagnating (24). In 1821, 90 houses, 96 families and 395 people were recorded, making Billingham four times bigger than Cowpen and of similar size to Wolviston.

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Important events were about to take place this decade which would change the area forever. The Stockton and Darlington Railway Company extended its line along the southern bank of the Tees to the hamlet of Middlesbrough in 1826 (25). North of the river, the lonely farmhouse overlooking the salt marshes was now to be the centre of great changes.

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In 1826 the railway from Stockton was extended below the farm and near the shore at Haverton Hill (26). At this time Billingham parish contained 3 townships and one chapelry. Belaise, is described as a hamlet of a few scattered houses. Cowpen Bewley had one of the largest farms in the country and belonged to the Dean. It was being let for 1800 pounds per annum. Race horses were being sent to the farm to graze the salt marshes along the Tees mouth. Newton Bewley is also mentioned as a village in the north of the parish.

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John Atkinson, Thos Simpson, John Holborn and Thomas Kell were farming Belasise. John Bamblett was the occupier of Haverton Hill farmhouse, now farming his fields accompanied by the sounds of railway navvies and chugging steam trains. The parish was still rural in nature, but this was about to change. In 1829, Samphire Batts, crossing point of the Tees was renamed Port Clarence after the Duke of Clarence (27). The area had become known as a place where ships could ride at low water. Billingham continued to increase slowly in size. New and powerful forces were now to be exerted. In the South West of the parish the isolation of the farmhouse was rapidly ending.

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   “The settlement along with adjoining, Port Clarence, grew as a result of the Clarence Railway opening in 1833. The railway, owned by Christopher Tennant, was a rival to the Stockton and Darlington Railway and transported coal from the Durham coalfields to colliers for shipment to places like London. Haverton Hill and Port Clarence were chosen as termini as the river at that stretch was deep enough to accommodate ships. Further upstream near Stockton-on-Tees, navigation was extremely difficult due to shallow waters. Directly opposite, on the other side of the River Tees, the Stockton and Darlington Railway was, for the same reason, extended, in 1830, to Middlesbrough”

(28).

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The Clarence railway was at a disadvantage as it used track belonging to their rivals and this helped prevent the expansion of Haverton Hill and Port Clarence unlike the rapidly expanding Middlesbrough.

 

In January 1834 the first coals were exported from Haverton Hill (29). Buildings began to appear across the meadowland between the farm and the river. Houses and a glass works were built between 1834 to 37. The first baptism of a glass worker’s child occurs in 1836, suggesting the works was established shortly earlier. The area of Haverton Hill became freehold under the ownership of Robert Appleby of Wolviston and first director of the Clarence Railway.

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The Haverton Hill settlement had now been born. This first stage consisted of the farmhouse overlooking 2 terraces of houses. Most of the houses were two up and two down, though some houses in what was later Cross Street were one up, one down. The North Street houses had strips of land at the front.

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The Billingham parish registers make no reference to Haverton Hill as an independent place of abode until 30th of April 1837, when William Lang a labourer and Ann Neasham are married. The young settlement now had an official name. During that same year, five glass makers, three glass cutters, two labourers and one butcher are mentioned in the registers as residing at Haverton Hill.

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Next year a more diverse section of workers are mentioned, including grocer, sawyer, blacksmith and bricklayer. It seems the little community was rapidly expanding. It also seems that the glass workers preferred to start a new village rather than travel the few miles from Billingham.

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The 1838 Tithe map, shows that Bellasyse, just out of sight of the new development had tithes of 59 pounds. Billingham had 1297 acres of arable land, 1247 acres of meadow and pasture and 10 acres of woodland. Based on values of 300 bushels of wheat at 7 shillings, 638 bushels of barley at three shillings and 919 acres of oats at 2 shillings and 9 pence, Billingham's tithe was 379 pounds 7 shillings, no mention of Haverton Hill was made.

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This drawing of the original tithe map gives a valuable insight into the structure of the embryonic community. It is the first known map of the settlement made shortly after its establishment. Individual fields and buildings are named. The actual village is marked at 409 on the nmap and would consist of iron and glass workers homes, built around what would become North and Cross Streets. 

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The forge is clearly markedat point 400, though the glass works is not identified. The farm house is located uncomfortably near the forge at point 401. It must have become a noisy and dirty place for it to be. The farms rectangular shape and courtyard is reproduced, a shape that can be seen on later maps long after the buildings ceased their agricultural function.

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The railway line terminates at Samphire Batts, coal staithes. A few buildings are marked around what is becoming Port Clarence. The whole village still retains its rather wild, rural nature at this time.

 

By 1840 the nucleus of an industrial community had been formed at Haverton Hill. Baptisms through the year included children of 7 labours, 6 glass makers, 1 flint glass maker, 1 glass blower, 1 glass cutter, 1 mariner and 1 bricklayer. Also of note during 1840 is the first mention of a labourer’s child baptised at Samphire Batts.

At this stage, the village owed its immediate existence to the glass works. However, it is the presence of the nearby railway which was to be the long-term father to the young community. The railway guaranteed the village’s existence, independent of the glass works.

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In the 1841 Census, Haverton Hill has resident; grocer, builder, potter, blacksmith, salt man, sawyer and mariner. Samphire Batts is now being called Port Clarence and has its own small community of a clerk, coal trimmer, husbandman, sawyer, glassmaker and even a schoolmaster. The total population of both Haverton Hill and Port Clarence was 303 people of whom 187 were males and 116 females. Sixty five houses were being lived in, an average of 4.7 people per house. A few dwellings were as yet uninhabited.

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Billingham had increased rapidly in size to 728 people, a 100% increase in 10 years and still retained its premier status in the area. The early 1840s must have seen expansion across the parish but the 1850s emerged with signs of recession. Billingham's population actually fell by 8%, and 20% of houses in the village were unoccupied (30). It might be argued that Haverton Hill was benefiting at Billingham's expense, except that industrial village in a similar predicament.

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The nucleus of the village had indeed grown. In addition to Cross Street and North Street, Bridge, Front and Cottage Streets had been added. 72 new dwellings had been built since 1841, but 27 (37%) were empty. It seems likely taking into account conditions across the parish, that these dwellings were becoming empty rather than representing new building projects.

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The 1851 census sheds more light on the makeup of the community at this time. The village was firmly industrial although the farm still prospered. Farmer and son with five labours cultivated 300 acres. The main employer in Haverton Hill was the Walton Glass Manufacturers, employing 20 men and 15 boys. The manufacturing process was neatly divided into eight men glass making, nine men glass cutting, one man blowing, one man packaging, six labourers, a foreman, an office worker and Mr Walton’s son. These workers all lived in Haverton Hill though others in other occupations may have travelled from Billingham. (See Appendix 1 for a more detailed look at the development of occupations in Haverton Hill during the nineteenth century).

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An iron forge had been started by Stephen Robinson, employing 10 men, 12% of the Haverton workforce, 6 of whom lived in the village. The two firms had attracted a small commercial community of 3 innkeepers, a tailor, butcher, two grocers and a dressmaker. Ten people were employed as house servants and the community had its own school mistress. Other occupations worth noting are 2 seamen, a ferryman, and 4 rail workers. Seventy-six people formed the total working population with two unemployed.

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It is probable that overdependence on the glass industry for employment had led to a decline in the expansion of the town. In Front Street near the glass works, 10 houses were empty. This situation would soon alter as more rugged industries took over.

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Haverton Hill was a young community. Out of a population of 218, 30% are under 10 years of age and 76% under 40. The oldest member was Jane Hutchinson aged 85 and widowed, mother-in-law to Stephen Robinson, owner of the iron forge.

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The origin of the community members was diverse. Forty-one people (20%) were locally born. 39% came from the surrounding Durham area and 16% from Yorkshire, 4% came from Ireland. Others came from diverse areas like: Scotland, Worcestershire, Lancashire, Warwickshire, Middlesex Bedfordshire, Staffordshire, Devon, Kent and Norfolk. The houses in the village were owned by six people. Three lived in Wolviston, one in Great Broughton, one in Lazenby and one in Middlesbrough (See Appendix 2 for more details).

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Port Clarence’s population seems to have fallen slightly. Nine houses were empty. The population stood at 22 inhabitants. Again nearly 1/3 were under ten years in age. Four of the 8 workers were employed by the railway, 2 were seamen and 2 were house servants. The small port had now become the shipping place for the Clarence Railway. (31)

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Table 3: Population and Housing 1851

                                            

                         Population   Inhabited houses   Uninhabited houses   People per house

Billingham              384              87                       2                             4.4

Haverton Hill          218              46                      27                            4.7

Port Clarence            22               5                        9                             4.4

Farms                      85              10                       0                             8.5

Station/Inn              11                2                        0                            5.5

Total                     720             150                     38                            4.8

 

The parish death rate at the time was 21 per 1000, high for an essentially rural parish.

In 1854, three blast furnaces were erected at Port Clarence and must have given a considerable boost to the village’s economy (32). Two years later a directory mentions Robinson's Iron Works and the Walton’s glass firm in Haverton Hill (33). Three pubs now exist: The Clarence, and the Queens Head as well as Matthew Jackson’s, Ship Inn. The village received its own post from Billingham at 8:40 am. A day school is also mentioned. Port Clarence has its own pub The Ship Inn, run by Mary Scurr. Elsewhere Bellasis now has two farmers: John Atkinson and John Stephenson, both Yeoman. A brick and tile works had opened at Cowpen.

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In 1861 Front Street had been renamed Clarence Street. South Street, East Street and Yorkshire Row had been added to the village framework. The Walton glass works is no longer mentioned. The last baptism of a glass workers’ child is 1857, suggesting a closure date later in that year. The bulk of the employment was now in iron and steel.

Forty-four men, 38% of the workforce were working in the iron works furnace, foundry and forge. A further 17 men were in ancillary services. Ten men worked for the railway and a further 22 in commercial trades. At the farm, the farmer had 12 servants and labourers and a governess for his children (See Appendix 1).

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The village population had risen by a healthy 50% to 318 over the decade and few if any houses were vacant. It seems that the iron works had brought prosperity with its expansion. Haverton Hill now had its own Wesleyan Chapel. Oldest inhabitant was Ann Burlinson, aged 89 and mother to the blacksmith.

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Perhaps more startling was the five times increase in the population of Port Clarence, from 22 to 102 people. The railway accounted for 11 workers and their families. A small commercial community of blacksmith, grocer, innkeeper and butcher had now been set up. It was iron makers who made-up the bulk of the community with 16 men. Irish formed 19% of the community, with only 12% of inhabitants locally born, reflecting the sudden expansion of people from outside the community.

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In 1862, the area had developed enough to be awarded parish status (34). A large part of the south-east part of the Billingham parish was now legally separated.  Haverton Hill, Port Clarence and Saltholme were incorporated into the ecclesiastical district of Haverton Hill. In 1865 the Church of St. John the Evangelist was built for 1900 pounds (35).

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Both Haverton Hill and Port Clarence continued to grow towards the end of the century. Steel continued to be important, employing 40% of the working population in Haverton Hill and 12 men in Port Clarence at the Ironworks. Haverton Hill now had a balanced industrial community with an established commercial and professional class. The Irish content of the community had fallen to 6%, one person came from the West Indies.

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The 1861 census shows a rapid increase in the Port Clarence settlement, which had now split into Clarence and Port and Port Clarence and totalled 1388 people. Thomas Bamblett, aged 70, farmed 430 acres, with seven labours and one son. He lived in the Haverton Hill farmhouse with his 67-year-old wife, grand-daughter and five house servants.

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In 1887 the parish began to attract diversified industry in the forms of: The Anderson Iron Foundry, Bell Bros Ironmasters, Salt and Alkali Manufacturers Limited who began extracting salt in 1882, The Newcastle Chemical Works Company Limited at Cowpen, The South Durham Salt Company formerly the Haverton Hill Salt Company, Tenant Charles and Partners, and the Jarrow Chemical Company Salt Manufacturers.

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The estate now had its own reading room built by Bell Brothers for 700 pounds and a small library, billiard and coffee rooms (36). The population had now risen by 400% over the decade to 1700 people. The Catholics had built their own church and school. The estate was now showing signs of reaching maturity.

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In 1891 the population continued to climb to 2500 (37). An 1894 directory still describes Haverton  as “a small village, 1.5 miles east of Billingham and one-mile North West of Port Clarence, the inhabitants being mainly employed in blast furnaces and salt wells. Bell Brothers and Anderston have extensive iron works here” (38). Around 1889 the farm became vacant and was incorporated into the nearby works for industrial use.

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The 1904 baptism records show that 45% of fathers were in steel or related occupations. Another 30% were labourers. Throughout its life the settlement had an above average death rate. Children were particularly vulnerable. In 1906, 58% of all deaths were of those under 10 years of age.

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A 1910 directory lists new firms: Casebourne Cement, Chilled Rolls and Engineering Company, and the Haverton Hill Brickworks as having added to the heavy industrial structure of the area (39). 127 people of note were listed together with occupations and addresses.

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The settlement now had 20 streets: Clarence Street had become the commercial centre, with 18 of its 42 houses being used as shops, or shop and houses combined. The Wellington Hotel and Queen’s Head we're also situated here.

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The community advanced steadily into maturity, reaching a population of 6000 in Haverton by 1921 and 1000 in Port Clarence (40). The remaining buildings of the former farmhouse and the sight of its courtyard, now stood in the middle of a bustling, grimy estate, surrounded by a ring of salt works and extensive belching iron works.

Across the River Tees, the port of Middlesbrough had grown from hamlet to industrial town. In the west, Billingham still retained its agricultural composition. The tough settlement of Haverton Hill would face various hard fortunes in the coming years before its eventual death in old age from asphyxiation.

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This study of Haverton Hill’s history wIll now look at some aspects of this tough little community in detail: the daily grind of working in dirty dangerous industry; the good times and the bad times of everyday life, and finally the increasingly difficult struggle to keep the community in existence against overwhelming problems. First the two main institutions around which community life used to be based, religion and education, will be looked at from the viewpoint of the people who were there at the time.

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Footnotes

1. Cleveland and Teesside Local History Society Bulletin, Winter, 1976/77, P.39. Cleveland County Archives

2. ibid., Autumn, 1974, p.5.

3. ibid.

4. Cleveland County Libraries Local Studies Pack: Billingham, The Saint Who Exerted Great Power. n.d. Cleveland County Archives

5. Still, J and J. Southeran, Medieval Origins of Billingham, Billingham Urban District Council, 1966. p.2. Middlesbrough Reference Library

6.  Cleveland & Teesside Local History Society,  Haverton Hill Haverton Hill, 2023, http://ctlhs.co.uk/golden-jubilee/fifty-interesting-places/haverton-hill/

7. Still, J and J. Southeran, Medieval Origins of Billingham, 1966, p.79. Middlesbrough Reference Library

8. ibid, p.105.

9. ibid.

10. ibid.

11. Ibid., p.106.

12. Cleveland & Teesside Local History Society,  Haverton Hill Haverton Hill, 2023, http://ctlhs.co.uk/golden-jubilee/fifty-interesting-places/haverton-hill/

13. Still, J and J. Southeran, Medieval Origins of Billingham, Billingham Urban District Council,,1966, p.106. Middlesbrough Reference Library

14. Ibid., p.2.

15. Cleveland & Teesside Local History Society,  Haverton Hill Haverton Hill, 2023, http://ctlhs.co.uk/golden-jubilee/fifty-interesting-places/haverton-hill/

16 Still, J and J. Southeran, Medieval Origins of Billingham, Billingham Urban District Council, 1966, p.98. Middlesbrough Reference Library

17. Univ. Of Durham, Victoria County History of Durham, p.99. Middlesbrough Reference Library

18. Ibid.

19. Parishes: Billingham | British History Online, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/durham/vol3/pp195-203#fnn19

20 Cleveland & Teesside Local History Society Bulletin, Autumn, 1974, p.5. Cleveland County Archives

21. Ibid., p.6.

22. Cleveland & Teesside Local History Society,  Haverton Hill Haverton Hill, 2023, http://ctlhs.co.uk/golden-jubilee/fifty-interesting-places/haverton-hill/

23.  ibid.

24 Univ. Of Durham, Billingham, Port Clarence, and Haverton Hill in 1851, pamphlet, unpublished,1975, p.30. Middlesbrough Reference Library

25. ibid.

26. ibid.

27. ibid, p. 7.

28 Haverton Hill, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverton_Hill

29. Univ. Of Durham, Billingham, Port Clarence, and Haverton Hill in 1851, pamphlet, unpublished,1975, p.30. Middlesbrough Reference Library

30. ibid.

31. ibid., p.7.

32. ibid.

33. Whellan’s Directory of County Durham, 1856, p. 475. Middlesbrough Reference Library

34.  Univ. Of Durham, Victoria County History of Durham, 1967, p.1. Cleveland County Archives

35. Durham Topography and Directory, 1894, p.675. Cleveland County Archives

36. Kelly’s Directory of Middlesbrough and Suburbs, 1887, p.129. Cleveland County Archives

37. Ibid.

38. Durham Topography and Directory, 1894, p.675. Cleveland County Archives

39. Ward’s Directory, 1910, Haverton Hill, p.34. Cleveland County Archives

40. Cleveland County Libraries Local Studies Pack: Billingham, 1921 Census. Middlesbrough Reference Library